16.1 General
16.1.1 This Section deals with the design and detailing requirements for joints between members. Connection elements consist of components such as cleats, gusset plates, brackets, connecting plates and connectors such as rivets, bolts, pins, and welds. The connections in a structure shall be designed so as to be consistent with the assumptions made in the analysis of the structure and comply with the requirements specified in this
For members with sway buckling mode, the equivalent uniform moment factor . shall be obtained according to the bending moment diagram between the relevant braced points
| Bending Moment Diagram | Range | |||
| Uniform Loading | Concentrated Load | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 | 0.6 + 0.4 ψ ≥ 0.4 | |||
| 0 ≤ αs ≤ 1 | -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 | 0.2 + 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 | 0.2 + 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 | |
| -1 ≤ αs ≤ 0 | 0 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 | 0.1 - 0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 | -0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 | |
| -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 0 | 0.1(1-ψ) -0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 | 0.2(1-ψ) -0.8 αs ≥ 0.4 | ||
| 0 ≤ αh ≤ 1 | -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 | 0.95 - 0.05 αh | 0.90 + 0.10 αh | |
| -1 ≤ αh ≤ 0 | 0 ≤ ψ ≤ 1 | 0.95 + 0.05 αh | 0.90 + 0.10 αh | |
| -1 ≤ ψ ≤ 0 | 0.95 + 0.05 αh (1+2 ψ) | 0.90 + 0.1αh (1+2 ψ) | ||
| Moment factor | Bending axis | Points braced in direction | |
| z-z | y-y | ||
| y-y | z-z | ||
| z-z | z-z |
section. Connections shall be capable of transmitting the calculated design actions.
16.1.2 Where members are connected to the surface of a web or the flange of a section, the ability of the web or the flange to transfer the applied forces locally should be checked and where necessary, local stiffening provided.
16.1.3 Ease of fabrication and erection should be considered in the design of connections. Attention should be paid to clearances necessary for field erection, tolerances, tightening of fasteners, welding procedures, subsequent inspection, surface treatment and maintenance.
16.1.4 The ductility of steel assists the distribution of forces generated within a joint. Effects of residual stresses and stresses due to tightening of fasteners and normal tolerances of fit-up need not therefore be considered in connection design, provided ductile behaviour is ensured.
16.1.5 In general, use of different forms of fasteners to transfer the same force shall be avoided. However, when different forms of fasteners are used to carry a
shear load or when welding and fasteners are combined, then one form of fastener shall be normally designed to carry the total load. Nevertheless, fully tensioned friction grip bolts may be designed to share the load with welding, provided the bolts are fully tightened to develop necessary pretension after welding.
16.1.6 The partial safety factor in the evaluation of design strength of connections shall be taken as given in Table 5.