7.1 This clause gives guidance on loads and load effects due to temperature changes, soil and hydrostatic pressures, internally generating stresses (due to creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, etc), accidental loads, etc, to be considered in the design of buildings as appropriate. This clause also includes guidance on load combinations. The nature of loads to be considered for a particular situation is to be based on engineering judgment (see also 3.6)
7.2 Temperature Effects
7.2.1 Expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature of the materials of a structure shall be considered in design. Provision shall be made either to relieve the stress by the provision of expansion/contraction joints in accordance with good practice [6-1(21)] or design the structure to carry additional stresses due to temperature effects as appropriate to the problem.
7.2.1.1 The temperature range varies for different regions and under different diurnal and seasonal conditions. The absolute maximum and minimum temperature which may be expected in different localities in the country are indicated in Annex B of good practice [6-1(22)]. These figures may be used for guidance in assessing the maximum variations of temperature.
7.2.1.2 The temperatures indicated are the air temperatures in the shade. The range of variation in temperature of the building materials may be appreciably greater or less than the variation of air temperature and is influenced by the condition of exposure and the rate at which the materials composing the structure absorb or radiate heat. This difference in temperature variations of the material and air should be given due consideration.
7.2.1.3 The structural analysis shall take account of changes of the mean (through the section) temperature in relation to the initial (st) and the temperature gradient through the section.
PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN — SECTION 1 LOADS, FORCES AND EFFECTS
a) It should be borne in mind that the changes of mean temperature in relation to the initial are liable to differ as between one structural element and another in buildings or structures, as for example, between the external walls and the internal elements of a building. The distribution of temperature through section of single-leaf structural elements may be assumed linear for the purpose of analysis.
b) The effect of mean temperature changes and , and the temperature gradients and in the hot and cold seasons for single-leaf structural elements shall be evaluated on the basis of analytical principles.
1 For portions of the structure below ground level, the variation of temperature is generally insignificant. However, during the period of construction, when the portions of the structure are exposed to weather elements, adequate provision should be made to encounter adverse effects, if any.
2 If it can be shown by engineering principles, or if it is known from experience, that neglect of some or all the effects of temperature do not affect the structural safety and serviceability, they need not be considered in design.
