Annex B(Clause 11.3)

B-1.1 Preparation

Prior to beginning work on the decking, guardrails shall be in position at all perimeters, internal edges and voids. The positions of any props (and back props) shall be checked against the details shown on the decking layout drawings to ensure that adequate support has been provided.

B-1.2 Cleaning the Decking

The surface of the decking shall be reasonably free of dirt, oil, etc, prior to concreting.

B-1.3 Construction Joints

Although there is no technical limitation to the area

that may be concreted, the usual pour area is up to $1000\mathrm{m}^2/\mathrm{day}$. Where the limits of the pour do not coincide with permanent slab edges, construction joints are used to define the extent of the pour.

The locations and details of the construction joints may have an effect on the cracking. The layout and details of the joints shall be determined by the structural designer. For example, when brittle bonded finishes are used, the relationship between the joints in the concrete and the joints in the finishes shall be considered at the outset, to reduce the risk of cracking in undesirable locations.

Where possible, the construction joints shall be located close to butt joints in the decking. Where shear connectors are used, it is preferable to create the joint to one side of the line of the shear connectors, to ensure

sound concrete around the studs. If the construction joint cannot be made near a butt joint, it is suggested that no more than one-third of the decking span from a butt joint shall be left unpoured. Concreting shall not be stopped within a sheet length, because excessive deflections may occur when the loads on a continuous decking sheet are not balanced on either side of the intermediate support beam.

Stop ends, usually in the form of timber or plastic inserts, are used to create the construction joints. As with all the joints and ends of the decking, they shall be checked for potential grout loss.

B-1.4 Reinforcement

All reinforcement shall be properly supported so that it does not get displaced during concreting. Plastic stools, loops or preformed mesh may be used as 'chairs', but not plastic channels, which can induce cracking. Chairs shall be robust. In particular, the handling and movement of concrete carrying pipes during pumping can cause significant local impacts on the reinforcement.

The reinforcement that has been fixed shall be checked. Particular attention shall be given to checking any additional bar reinforcement, such as may be needed around openings.

B-1.5 Grout Loss

The decking joints shall be closely butted and exposed ends shall be ‘stopped’ with proprietary filler pieces to avoid grout loss. Gaps greater than 5 mm shall be sealed.

B-2 Placement

B-2.1 Concrete shall be placed in a way that minimizes the permanent deformation of the decking. This is particularly important for spans greater than 3 m. When concreting is progressed in the same direction as the span of the decking (that is parallel to the decking ribs), it shall be placed first over supports where the decking is continuous, followed by the mid-span region and finally the areas above the end supports. When concreting is progressed in a direction perpendicular to the decking span (that is transverse to the decking ribs), it shall be placed first at the edge where a decking sheet is supported by the underlap of an adjacent sheet. This helps to ensure that longitudinal seams between panels remain closed.

The concrete shall be well compacted, particularly near and around any shear connectors. This may be done using a vibrating beam, which may require adequate supports at either ends, or an immersion needle vibrator. Hand tamping is not recommended as a way of

compacting the concrete. For slim floors with deep decking, or for other partially encased beams, a needle vibrator is needed to ensure proper concrete flow around the beams, beyond the ends of the decking.

B-2.2 Concrete Pumping

Pumping may be adopted for both normal and lightweight concrete mixes. Flow rates in the order of $0.5\mathrm{m}^3$ to $1\mathrm{m}^3$ of concrete per minute may be achieved, although, clearly, the longer the pump lines and the higher the concrete is to be pumped, the slower the operation. A pump may normally lift the concrete up to $30\mathrm{m}$. Secondary pumps, placed at intermediate levels, may be necessary for higher lifts.

Pumplines are normally 150 mm in diameter and are assembled in segments. As the force exerted at bends may be significant, straight line pumping is preferred. The lines shall be supported on timber blocks at intervals of 2 m to 3 m. Resetting of pumplines is required at frequent intervals as the pour progresses. This means that the outlet pipe shall be moved frequently and carefully so that concrete heaping is minimized. A minimum of two operatives are necessary for this operation, one to hold and manoeuvre the outlet pipe, the other to shovel away excess concrete. No more than 4 workmen shall be present around the pipe outlet during pumping, because of the potential for overloading the decking. The concrete shall not be dropped from the outlet pipe onto the decking from a height of more than about 1 m.

B-2.3 Skip and Barrow

Placing concrete from a skip hung from a crane may be difficult because of obstructions from beams and decking at higher floor levels. However, despite being time consuming, it is sometimes efficient to use the skip and barrow technique for small infill bays.

Skips shall have a means of controlling the rate of discharge, and shall not be discharged from more than 0.5 m above the decking or barrow. When discharging into a barrow, the barrow shall be supported by thick (about 30 mm) boards covering a 2 m x 2 m area, or by a finished part of the slab. Either provision limits impact loads. Barrows shall be run over thick boards placed on the mesh, which shall be supported locally.

B-3 Finishing, Curing and Drying

If power floating is to be carried out, this shall be done within 2 h to 3 h of casting. This allows time for the concrete to harden sufficiently.

As the concrete is only exposed on one surface of a composite floor, it can take longer than a traditional reinforced concrete slab to dry out.

PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN — SECTION 7 PREFABRICATION, SYSTEMS BUILDING AND MIXED/COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION: 7B SYSTEMS BUILDING AND MIXED/COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

LIST OF STANDARDS

The following list records those standards which are acceptable as ‘good practice’ and ‘accepted standards’ in the fulfilment of the requirements of the Code. The latest version of a standard shall be adopted at the time of enforcement of the Code. The standards listed may be used by the Authority for conformance with the requirements of the referred clauses in the Code.

In the following list, the number appearing in the first column within parentheses indicates the number of the reference in this Subsection.

IS No. Title

(1) 3935 : 1966 Code of practice for composite construction

(2) 3201:1988 Criteria for the design and construction of precast—Trusses and purlins (first revision)

(3) 6332 : 1984 Code of practice for construction of floor and roofs using precast doubly-curved shell units (first revision)

10297: 1982 Code of practice for design and construction of floors and roofs using precast reinforced/ prestressed concrete ribbed or cored units

PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Section 8 Glass and Glazing

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

• FOREWORD
• 1 SCOPE
• 2 TERMINOLOGY
• 3 APPLICATION
• 4 GENERAL METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION
• 5 ENERGY AND LIGHT
• 6 FIRE AND LOADING
• 7 SAFETY RELATED TO HUMAN IMPACT
• 8 GLAZING SYSTEM
• ANNEX A MINIMUM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT OF GLAZING FOR EXTERIORS
• ANNEX B TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR COATED GLASS
• ANNEX C PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE APPROXIMATE DEFLECTION AT CENTRE OF GLASS PANEL
• ANNEX D MODEL CALCULATION OF GLASS THICKNESS
• ANNEX E SHOT BAG IMPACT TEST
• ANNEX F PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR GLAZING SYSTEM
• ANNEX G INSTALLATION OF MIRRORS
• ANNEX H GLASS RAILINGS
• LIST OF STANDARDS

National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46

This Code (Part 6/Section 8) deals with the use of glass in buildings. Glazing has become an important item in building construction. Glass, the primary glazing element has to be selected to cater to several requirements and the glazing has to be designed to meet various engineering requirements. Fixing of glass a specialized operation, when properly done, will avoid the hazards of broken glass. Growing trend in resorting to glazed windows/doors in buildings and structures has considerably increased the importance of glazing and the need for proper workmanship. Considering all these, this Section is being introduced in this third revision of the Code.

This Section provides guidance in the selection of appropriate glazing for various types for building construction; guidance on the energy and light aspects while choosing glazing; guidance on determining the appropriate thickness of glass used in building glazing and guidance with respect to human impact safety while using glazing in buildings.

Use of organic coated films including safety films on glass shall not classify the glass as safety glass as per this Code, and hence users should exercise caution in choosing their options.

Information on installation of glass mirrors and glass railings are given in the informative Annexes G and H, respectively.

The information contained in this Section is largely based on the following Indian Standards:

IS No. Title

IS 16231 Code of practice for use of glass in buildings:

(Part 1): 2016 General methodology and selection

(Part 2): 2016 Energy and light

(Part 3): 2016 Fire and loading

(Part 4): 2014 Safety related to human impact

Assistance has also been derived from the following publications in the formulation of this Section:

ISO 9845-1 : 1992 Solar energy — Reference solar spectral irradiance at the ground at different receiving conditions — Part 1: Direct normal and hemispherical solar irradiance for air mass 1,5

ISO 10291 : 1994 Glass in building — Determination of steady-state U-values (thermal transmittance) of multiple glazing — Guarded hot plate method

ISO 10292 : 1994 Glass in building — Calculation of steady-state U-values (thermal transmittance) of multiple glazing

ISO 10293 : 1997 Glass in building — Determination of steady-state U-values (thermal transmittance) of multiple glazing — Heat flow metre method

All standards, whether given herein above or cross-referred to in the main text of this Section, are subject to revision. The parties to agreement based on this Section are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this Section is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this Section.

PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN — SECTION 8 GLASS AND GLAZING

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