Cities and towns located on hills shall have location specific methods evolved for final disposal of solid wastes by the concerned Authority. The municipal authority shall set up processing facilities for utilization of biodegradable organic wastes. The inert and non biodegradable waste shall be used for building roads or filling up of appropriate areas on hills. Because of constraints in finding adequate land in hilly areas, wastes not suitable for road laying or filling up shall be disposed of in specially designed landfills.
LIST OF STANDARDS
The following list records those standards which are acceptable as ‘good practice’ and ‘accepted standards’ in the fulfillment of the requirements of the Code. The latest version of a standard shall be adopted at the time of enforcement of the Code. The standards listed may be used by the Authority as a guide in conformance with the requirements of the referred clauses in the Code.
In the following list, the number appearing in the first column within parentheses indicates the number of the reference in this Part of the Code.
IS No. Title
(1) 3861 : 2002 Method of measurement of plinth, carpet and rentable areas of buildings (second revision)
(2) 4878 : 1986 Byelaws for construction of cinema buildings (first revision)
(3) 8888 (Part 1): Guide for requirements of low income housing: Part 1 Urban area (first revision)
(4) 12933 Solar flat plate collector — Specification (Part 1): 2003 Requirements (second revision) (Part 2): 2003 Components (second revision) (Part 3): 2003 Measuring instruments (first revision) (Part 5): 2003 Test methods (second revision)
12976 : 1990 Solar water heating systems — Code of practice
(5) 3792 : 1978 Guide for heat insulation of non-industrial buildings (first revision) 11907 : 1986 Recommendations for calculation of solar radiation on buildings
IS No. Title
(6) 10976 : 1993 Wheelchairs nomenclature, ISO 6440 : terms and definitions (first revision) 1985
(7) 6571 : 1991 Rehabilitation equipment — Wheelchairs, non-folding, adult size, institutional model — Specification (first revision)
7454 : 1991 Rehabilitation equipment — Wheelchairs, folding, adult size — Specification (first revision)
8086 : 1991 Rehabilitation equipment — Wheelchairs, folding, junior size — Specification (first revision)
(8) 15330 : 2003 Installation and maintenance of lifts for handicapped persons — Code of practice
(9) 13727 : 1993 Guide for requirements of cluster planning for housing
(10)12314 : 1987 Code of practice for sanitation for leaching pits for rural community
(11)14458 Guidelines for retaining walls for hill area (Part 1): 1998 Selection of type of wall (Part 2): 1997 Design of retaining/breast walls (Part 3): 1998 Construction of dry stone walls
(12) 14680 : 1999 Guidelines for landslide control
(13) 14804 : 2000 Guidelines for siting, design and selection of materials for residential buildings in hilly areas
PART 3 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
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PART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
- FOREWORD
- 1 SCOPE
- 2 TERMINOLOGY
- 3 FIRE PREVENTION
- 4 LIFE SAFETY
- 5 FIRE PROTECTION
- 6 ADDITIONAL OCCUPANCY WISE REQUIREMENTS
- ANNEX A CALORIFIC VALUES OF COMMON MATERIALS
- ANNEX B BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES IN TO DIFFERENT DEGREE OF HAZARD
- ANNEX C AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING FIRE RESISTANCE RATING OF VARIOUS BUILDING COMPONENTS
- ANNEX D GUIDELINES FOR FIRE DRILL AND EVACUATION PROCEDURES FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
- ANNEX E ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
- ANNEX F ATRIUM
- ANNEX G COMMERCIAL KITCHENS
- ANNEX H CAR PARKING FACILITIES
- ANNEX J FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR METRO STATIONS
- ANNEX K FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR METRO TRAINWAYS
- ANNEX M FIRE PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR VENTING IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
- LIST OF STANDARDS
National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46
This Code (Part 4) deals with safety from fire. It specifies the demarcation of fire zones, restrictions on construction of buildings in each fire zone, classification of buildings based on occupancy, types of building construction according to fire resistance of the structural and non-structural components and other restrictions and requirements necessary to minimise danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the buildings can be evacuated. The Code recognizes that safety of life is more than a matter of means of egress and accordingly deals with various matters which are considered essential to the safety of life. The Code therefore covers provisions relating to means of egress covering various components thereof namely exit access, exit and exit discharge. It also covers provisions relating to fire protection of buildings through portable and fixed firefighting installations.
Fire protection techniques have to be based on the fire behaviour characteristics of different materials and structural elements of buildings. The activities pursued by the occupants of buildings must also be taken into consideration for assessing the extent of hazards, and method should then be devised by which the hazards could be minimised. An indefinite combination of variables is involved in the phenomenon of fire, all of which cannot be quantified. The requirements of this Code should, therefore, be taken as a guide and an engineering design approach should be adopted for ensuring a fire safe design for buildings. Depending upon the type and complexities in a building, qualified and trained fire protection engineers should be associated with the planning of buildings, so that adequate fire and life safety measures could be incorporated in the building design right from the beginning.
Absolute safety from fire is not attainable in practice. The objective of this Part is to specify measures that will provide that degree of safety from fire which can be reasonably achieved. The Code endeavours to avoid requirements that might involve unreasonable hardships or unnecessary inconvenience or interference with normal use and occupancy of buildings, but insists upon compliance with minimum standards of fire safety necessary for building occupants and users. For ensuring compliance of fire protection equipment/installations to the laid down quality requirements, it is desirable to use such equipment/installation duly certified under the BIS Certification Marks Scheme.
While providing guidelines for minimizing chances of occurrence of fire through passive fire protection measures, this Part does not intend to cover all aspects of general fire prevention including sources of ignition. Nor does it cover the prevention of accidental personal injuries during the course of normal occupancy of buildings.
This Part while recognizing that panic in a building on fire may be uncontrollable, deals with the potential panic hazard through measures designed to prevent the development of panic. Experience indicates that panic seldom develops even in the presence of potential danger, so long as occupants of buildings are moving towards exits which they can see within a reasonable distance and with no obstruction or undue congestion in the path of travel. However, any uncertainty as to the location or adequacy of means of egress, the presence of smoke or fumes and the stoppage of travel towards the exit, such as may occur when one person stumbles and falls on stairs, may be conducive to panic. Danger from panic is greater when a large number of people are trapped in a confined area particularly when people are not adequately guided towards egress and safety notifications are not implemented or practiced. Consideration towards announcements and annunciations needs to be given to guide the occupants to safe egress routes and to control panic during situation of distress.
Experience has shown that concealed spaces within a building, such as, space between ceiling and false ceiling, horizontal and vertical ducts and shafts, etc, tend to act as flues/tunnels during a fire. Provision should, therefore, be made to provide fire stopping within such spaces.
Nothing in this Part of the Code shall be construed to prohibit better types of building construction, more exits or otherwise safer conditions than the minimum requirements specified in this Part.
Compliance with this Part shall not be construed as eliminating or reducing the necessity for other provisions for safety of persons using a building or structure under normal occupancy conditions. Nor shall any provision of this
PART 4 FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
Part be construed as requiring or permitting any addition that maybe hazardous under normal occupancy conditions.
One of the major points brought out in this Part is the limitation of heights and areas of buildings based on fire safety of the occupants. Individual municipal corporations are free to alter Table 2 based on local conditions, but the ratios of areas as maintained in the table for different occupancies and types of construction shall be adhered to.
Advantage has been taken of the developments, particularly in fire resistance rating of materials, designating types of construction in a rational manner and relating the area limitations of different occupancies to different types of construction.
Halons (halogenated hydrocarbons) which exhibit exceptional firefighting and explosion prevention/suppression characteristics have been found to possess high ozone depleting potential. They come under Group II of Annex A of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the international environmental agreement for phasing out ozone depleting substances. Due to increasing evidence that the ozone layer is getting depleted at a faster rate than thought earlier, the Code takes into cognizance the need to promote use of halon alternatives as fire extinguishing media.
The first version of this Part was formulated in 1970 and was revised in 1983. Subsequently the first revision of this Part was modified in 1997 through Amendment No. 3 to 1983 version of the Code. This modified version of this Part included few tables for the fire resistance ratings of various building components, such as walls, columns, beams and floors. The requirements for wet riser, down-comer, automatic sprinkler installation, high velocity (10-15 m/s) water spray or foam generating system, etc, for buildings were modified. Annex giving guidelines for selection of fire detectors had been deleted and relevant Indian Standards on fire alarm system and smoke detectors had been referred. Also, an annex for determination of fire loads and flue load density for arriving at the classification of occupancy hazard and calorific values of some common materials were included. Annex for broad classification of industrial and non-industrial occupancies into low, moderate and high hazard had also been included.
The Code was then revised in 2005. In this revision, the significant modifications incorporated were: The text was divided into the following broad clauses: (a) Fire prevention — Covering aspects of fire prevention pertaining to design and construction of buildings on passive fire protection measures, also describing the various types of building materials and their fire rating; (b) Life safety — Covering life safety provisions in the event of fire and similar emergencies, also addressing construction and occupancy features that are necessary to minimise danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic; (c) Fire protection — Covering the significant appurtenances and their related components and guidelines for selecting the correct type of equipment and installation meant for fire protection of the building, depending upon the classification and type of the building. Also, the classification of building based on occupancy was elaborated, wherein, starred hotels were covered as a new Subdivision A-6 under occupancy Group A Residential; heritage structures and archaeological monuments were covered under Subdivision D-3 occupancy Group D Assembly buildings; mixed assembly occupancies were covered as a new Subdivision D-6; underground elevated railways were covered as a new Subdivision D-7 under occupancy Group D Assembly buildings; and TV stations were covered under Subdivision E-5 of occupancy Group E Business buildings. Further, for the external stairs for exit requirements, the width and treads were increased to 1 250 mm and 250 mm, respectively; under the requirements for institutional buildings the clear width of all required exits which serve as egress from hospital or infirmary section was increased from 1.5 m to 2 m. Also, provision of patient-lift was included; and due cognizance of halon phase out programme was taken, while specifying provisions in this Part with respect to fire protection using fire extinguishers/systems.
Based on various comments received from time-to-time, an Amendment No. 2 relating to Part 4 of the 2005 version of the Code, was issued.
In this current revision, the following significant changes have been made:
General:
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The scope of application of provisions of this Part of the Code for different occupancies has been clarified.
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Definitions of various new terms have been included and definitions of some of the existing terms have been updated based on latest developments and use.